編者前言
編者為第三章所作前言
Introductory Note to Chapter III by the Editor讀者,尤其是對士林哲學不太熟悉的人,或許樂見此處對各種神見與神言的簡短說明,包括形體的、想像的和智性的三類。味覺、觸覺和嗅覺較少受神秘現象的影響,但以下就視覺和聽覺所說的,必要時也適用於這些感官。
1. 形體神見是指看見一個有形的物體。形體神言是指聽見由人舌說出的言語。兩種情況下,各相關感官都在發揮其正常功能;這現象與普通視聽之不同,僅在於後者所見是真實的身體、所聽的言語來自真實的人舌,而在神見或神言中,所見的對象要麼只是顯現的,要麼無論如何不是其表面所呈現的那樣。例如,年輕的托彼亞斯出發旅行時,同伴阿匝黎雅並非真正的人,而是以人形示現的總領天使。托彼亞斯確實見到並聽見了他,也感受到他手的握力;撒辣與她父母,以及托彼亞斯的父母,也都見到並聽見了他——但那總領天使始終是藉著一個承擔的身體,或也許是一個顯現的身體,使自己可見可聞。將這樣的現象稱為「顯現」而非「神見」更為準確;事實上,我們復活的主向聖婦和宗徒們的顯現也屬此類——因為雖然祂有真實的身體,卻是光榮化的身體,因此不再受制於統管純粹人性事物的法則。(聖多瑪斯,《神學大全》第三部第五十四題第一至三節)
聖女大德蘭不止一次告訴我們,她從未見過形體神見,也未曾聽過形體神言。
二、想像的神見或神言,是指視聽感官沒有見到或聽見任何東西,但心靈卻接收到與感官感知某真實對象時所賦予想像力的同等印象。按照士林哲學家的說法,想像力居於感官和理智之間,從前者接收印象,再傳遞給後者。這就是為什麼想像的神見和神言如此危險,以至於按照聖女大德蘭、聖十字若望及其他神修作家的意見,不僅永遠不應追求,更應盡可能地迴避,且在任何情況下都不予鼓勵。因為想像力與記憶力密切相關,往往無法確定某神見是否只是曾目睹場景的半意識或無意識再現。在此也最應防範欺騙——有意的或無意的、自我欺騙或更高力量的欺騙。因此,一般原則是,這類神見或神言只應在最有力的根據下才予以信任。按照聖多瑪斯的說法(《神學大全》第二之二集第一七五題第三節),依撒依亞的神見、聖若望在《默示錄》中的神見等,都是想像的神見。
想像神見的例子可舉聖斯德望,他「看見天門開了,人子站在天主的右邊」;或聖伯鐸,他「看見天門開了,有一個器具降下,好像一幅大布……從天徐徐縋地……有聲音向他說:伯鐸,起來,宰殺而食」(《宗徒大事錄》七 55;十 11–13)。
這些神見、神言等並非幻覺。幻覺是由影響記憶力的身體失調所引起,使記憶力以混亂、往往怪誕的方式重現以前所接收的印象。想像的神見則獨立於病態狀態之外,由外在力量——善的或惡的——引起,其對象是記憶力過去不曾且現在也沒有認知的事物。
三、智性的神見或神言,是指眼耳沒有見到或聽見任何東西,想像力也沒有接收到任何感覺;但那若是由感官進入想像力、再傳遞給理智的印象,卻直接烙印在理智上。要理解這一點,必須記住,我們通過感官接收的印象,在到達理智之前必須經歷一番轉化——必須被靈化。這是心理學最困難的問題之一;各哲學派別所提出的解答,似乎都未能使它完全擺脫晦澀。按照聖多瑪斯的說法,眼睛所接收的印象(Species sensibilis)由一種稱為「主動理智」(Intellectus agens)的能力,藉著抽象作用(Species impressa)加以靈化,並像幻燈片一樣儲存在記憶中,隨時可以調取。心智與 Species impressa 合而為一,產生「心智之言」(Verbum mentis),理解或心智概念的行為即在於此。在智性的神見或神言中,天主不藉感官、想像力或記憶力的合作,直接在心智上產生 Species impressa。由於這在起源上是超自然的,往往在對象上也是如此,故不難理解它超越了記憶力所能接納的程度,因此這類神見和神言往往只能不完整地被記憶,有時甚至完全被遺忘,正如聖女大德蘭所說。另一方面,它們遠不如形體的或想像的神見和神言危險,因為感官和想像力與它們毫無關係,邪靈也無法直接作用於心智,且自我欺騙亦基於聖女大德蘭所陳述的理由而完全排除。聖保祿提到了這樣一個神見的例子:「我知道有一個人在基督內,十四年前,被提到第三層天上——他是在身內,還是在身外,我不知道,天主知道——我知道那人——他是在身內,還是在身外,我不知道,天主知道——他被提到樂園裡,聽到了不可言說的話語,是人不能講述的」(《格林多後書》十二 2–4)。
THE readers, especially those not well acquainted with Scholastic philosophy, will, perhaps, be glad to find here a short explanation of the various kinds. of Vision and Locution, Corporal, Imaginary, and Intellectual. The senses of Taste, Touch, and Smell are not so often affected by mystical phenomena, but what we are about to say in respect of Sight and Hearing applies, mutatis mutandis, to these also.
1. A CORPORAL VISION is when one sees a bodily object. A Corporal Locution is when one hears words uttered by a human tongue. In both cases the respective senses are exercising their normal function, and the phenomenon differs from ordinary seeing or hearing merely by the fact that in the latter the object seen is a real body, the words perceived come from a real tongue, whereas in the Vision or Locution the object is either only apparent or at any rate is not such as it seems to be. Thus, when young Tobias set out on a journey, his companion, Azarias, was not a real human being, but an archangel in human form. Tobias did really see and hear him, and felt the grip of his hand; Sara and her parents, as well as Tobias’s parents, saw and heard him too, but all the time the archangel made himself visible and audible by means of an assumed body, or perhaps of an apparent body. It would be more correct to describe such a phenomenon as an APPARITION than as a Vision, and in fact the apparitions of our Risen Lord to the holy women and the apostles belong to this category. For, though His was a real body, it was glorified and therefore no longer subject to the same laws which govern purely human things. (St. Thomas, Summa theol. III., qu. 54, art. I-3).
St. Teresa tells us more than once that she never beheld a Corporal Vision, nor heard a Corporal Locution.
II. AN IMAGINARY VISION OR LOCUTION is one where nothing is seen or heard by the senses of seeing or hearing, but where the same impression is received that would be produced upon the imagination by the senses if some real object were perceived by them. For, according to the Scholastics, the Imagination stands half-way between the senses and the intellect, receiving impressions from the former and transmitting them to the latter. This is the reason why imaginary Visions and Locutions are so dangerous that, according to St. Teresa, St. John of the Cross, and other spiritual writers, they should not only never be sought for, but as much as possible shunned and under all circumstances discountenanced. For the Imagination is closely connected with the Memory, so that it is frequently impossible to ascertain whether a Vision, etc., is not perhaps a semi-conscious or unconscious reproduction of scenes witnessed. It is here also that deception, wilful or unwilful, self-deception or deception by a higher agency, is to be feared. Hence the general rule that such Visions or Locutions should only be trusted upon the strongest grounds. According to St. Thomas Aquinas, (Summa theol. IIa IIæ, gu. 175, art. 3 ad q.) the visions of Isaias, St. John in the Apocalypse etc., were Imaginary.
As an example of Imaginary Visions we may mention St. Stephen, who saw ‘the heavens opened, and the Son of Man standing on the right hand of God’; or St. Peter, who saw ‘the heaven opened, and a certain vessel descending, as it were a great linen sheet, let down by the four corners from heaven to the earth . . . and there came a voice to him: Arise, Peter, kill and eat.’ (Acts, vii. 55; X. 11-13).
These Visions, Locutions, etc., are not hallucinations. The latter are due to physical disorder which affects the memory and causes it to represent impressions formerly received by it, in a disorderly and often grotesque manner. The Imaginary Vision takes place independently of a morbid state, is caused by an extraneous power, good or evil, and has for its object things of which the memory neither has nor ever has had cognizance.
III. AN INTELLECTUAL VISION OR LOCUTION is one where nothing is seen or heard by the eyes and ears, and where no sensation is received by the imagination. But the impression which would be delivered by the imagination to the intellect, had it come through the senses and been handed on to the imagination, is directly imprinted upon the intellect. To understand this it is necessary to bear in mind that the impressions we receive through the senses must undergo a transformation—must be spiritualized—before they reach the intellect. This is one of the most difficult problems of psychology; none of the solutions offered by various schools of philosophy seem to render it entirely free from obscurity. According to St. Thomas Aquinas, the impression received by the eye (Species sensibilis) is spiritualized by a faculty called Intellectus agens by means of abstraction (Species impressa), and is treasured up in the memory, like lantern slides, available at demand. The mind, identifying itself with the Species impressa, produces the ‘Word of the mind’ (Verbum mentis), wherein consists the act of Understanding or Mental Conception. In the Intellectual Vision or Locution, God, without co-operation on the part of the senses, the imagination, or the memory, produces directly on the mind the Species impressa. As this is supernatural with regard to its origin, and often also with respect to its object, it stands to reason that it is too exalted for the memory to receive it, so that such Visions and Locutions are frequently only imperfectly remembered and sometimes altogether forgotten, as St. Teresa tells us. On the other hand they are far less dangerous than Corporal or Imaginary Visions and Locutions, because the senses and imagination have nothing to do with them, whilst evil spirits are unable to act directly upon the mind, and self-deception is altogether excluded for the reasons stated by St. Teresa. An instance of such a vision is mentioned by St. Paul: ‘I know a man in Christ above fourteen years ago (whether in the body I know not, or out of the body I know not: God knoweth), such an one rapt even to the third heaven. And I know such a man (whether in the body or out of the body, I know not: God knoweth): that he was caught up into paradise, and heard secret words, which it is not granted to man to utter’ (2 Cor. xii. 2-4).